Zeaxanthin (BioCAD00000019524)

blood adipose tissue eye lens retina spleen plant natural products microbial natural products

Metabolite Card

Formula: C40H56O2 (568.428)
SMILES: C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)C[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)C[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C

Synonyms [en]

zeaxanthin; Anchovyxanthin; all-trans-Zeaxanthin; (3R,3'R)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol; (3R,3'R)-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene; all-trans-Anchovyxanthin

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-28.

Cite this Page

Zeaxanthin. 数据之源，洞见之始. SMRUCC genomics institute, a synthetic life researcher from China. https://biocad_registry.innovation.ac.cn/s/(-)-arctiin (retrieved 2026-01-03) (CAD Registry RN: BioCAD00000019524). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Note

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474)

Extracellular Membrane
Entity Information

DBLinks

Other DBLinks
  • CAS Registry Number: 144-68-3
  • PubChem: 5280899
  • PubChem: 8363
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:27547
  • HMDB: HMDB0002789
  • LipidMaps: LMPR01070261
  • KEGG: C06098
  • BioCyc: CPD1F-130
  • NCBI MeSH: Zeaxanthins
  • Wikipedia: Zeaxanthin
  • DrugBank: DB11176
  • RefMet: RM0135406
  • MoNA: CA000107
  • MoNA: CA000115
  • MoNA: MoNA011439
  • MoNA: MSJ00115
  • MoNA: MSJ00116
  • MoNA: MSJ00117
  • MoNA: MSJ00118
  • MoNA: MSJ00119
  • MoNA: PM001202
  • MoNA: PS073301
  • MoNA: PS073302
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0283320.1
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0283320.9

Class / Ontology

Metabolic Network
ID EC Number Name
KEGG:R06946 1.14.15.21 zeaxanthin,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase
KEGG:R07179 1.23.5.1 antheraxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase
KEGG:R07559 1.14.13.- beta-cryptoxanthin,reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R07571 1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (adonixanthin-forming)
KEGG:R07574 2.4.1.276 UDP-glucose:zeaxanthin beta-D-glucosyltransferase
KEGG:R07580 C06098<=>C15983
KEGG:R07841 C06098<=>C16282
KEGG:R09603 1.13.11.84 zeaxanthin:oxygen 7',8'-oxidoreductase (bond-cleaving)
KEGG:R09747 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene,reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R10055 1.23.5.1 violaxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase
KEGG:R10070 1.14.15.21 zeaxanthin,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase
KEGG:R10192 1.13.11.65 zeaxanthin:oxygen 15,15'-oxidoreductase (bond-cleaving, cis-isomerizing)
KEGG:R10843 1.13.11.84 zeaxanthin:oxygen oxidoreductase (7,8-cleaving)
Rhea:RHEA:21801 all-trans-antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate => all-trans-zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:21802 all-trans-zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O => all-trans-antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate
Rhea:RHEA:21803 all-trans-antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate <=> all-trans-zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:24085 all-trans-zeaxanthin + 2 reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + O2 + 2 H+ => all-trans-antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:24086 all-trans-antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + H2O => all-trans-zeaxanthin + 2 reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + O2 + 2 H+
Rhea:RHEA:24087 all-trans-zeaxanthin + 2 reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + O2 + 2 H+ <=> all-trans-antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:26394 1.14.99 all-trans-zeaxanthin + 2 O2 => 4,9-dimethyldodeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenedial + 2 (3R)-hydroxy-β-ionone
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Organism Source

Taxonomy Source

  1. Acacia adunca [ncbi taxid: 204988]
  2. Acaryochloris marina strain MBIC 11017 [ncbi taxid: ]
  3. Acaryochloris sp. strain Awaji [ncbi taxid: ]
  4. Aceriphyllum rossii [ncbi taxid: ]
  5. Acrosorium ciliolatum [ncbi taxid: 1550622]
  6. Adiantum lunulatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  7. Agelas schmidtii [ncbi taxid: 2723817]
  8. Agnorhiza bolanderi [ncbi taxid: 230216]
  9. Aiphanes aculeata [ncbi taxid: ]
  10. Alligator mississippiensis [ncbi taxid: 8496]
  11. Alstonia spathulata [ncbi taxid: ]
  12. Amathia pinnata [ncbi taxid: ]
  13. Ambrosia cordifolia [ncbi taxid: 2067513]
  14. Anabaena aerulosa oscillatorioides [ncbi taxid: ]
  15. Anabaena cylindrica [ncbi taxid: 1165]
  16. Anabaena variabilis [ncbi taxid: ]
  17. Anacystis montana [ncbi taxid: ]
  18. Anacystis nidulans [ncbi taxid: ]
  19. Anaxagorea clavata [ncbi taxid: ]
  20. Aniba canelilla [ncbi taxid: 2803977]
  21. Ankistrodesmus spp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  22. Annona cornifolia [ncbi taxid: 502529]
  23. Antithamnion plumula [ncbi taxid: ]
  24. Aphanizomenon gracile [ncbi taxid: 54296]
  25. Aphis fabae [ncbi taxid: 191316]
  26. Apium graveolens [ncbi taxid: 4045]
  27. Arabidopsis thaliana [ncbi taxid: 3702]
  28. Araujia sericifera [ncbi taxid: 63463]
  29. Aria pallescens [ncbi taxid: ]
  30. Arnica nevadensis [ncbi taxid: 436208]
  31. Artemisia assoana [ncbi taxid: 1227617]
  32. Artemisia monogyna [ncbi taxid: 1903222]
  33. Arthrospira sp. [ncbi taxid: 35824]
  34. Ascophyllum nodosum [ncbi taxid: 52969]
  35. Asparagus officinalis [ncbi taxid: 4686]
  36. Asparagus officinalis L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  37. Asterocytis ramosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  38. Asterospicularia laurae [ncbi taxid: 1540332]
  39. Astragalus sempervirens [ncbi taxid: 1532287]
  40. Baccharis hutchisonii [ncbi taxid: ]
  41. Bangia alropurpurea [ncbi taxid: ]
  42. Bangia fuscopurpurea [ncbi taxid: 101920]
  43. Baphicacanthus cusia [ncbi taxid: ]
  44. Bassia butyracea [ncbi taxid: ]
  45. Beyeria brevifolia [ncbi taxid: 2752376]
  46. Bishovia boliviensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  47. Bixa orellana [ncbi taxid: 66672]
  48. Blastochloris viridis [ncbi taxid: 1079]
  49. Bonnemaisonia hamifera [ncbi taxid: 31369]
  50. Boronia megastigma [ncbi taxid: 709985]
  51. Bossiella californica [ncbi taxid: 48943]
  52. Bossiella orbignyana [ncbi taxid: ]
  53. Botryococcus braunii [ncbi taxid: 38881]
  54. Brassica oleracea var. sabauda [ncbi taxid: 1216010]
  55. Bursaria spinosa [ncbi taxid: 105281]
  56. Bursera delpechiana [ncbi taxid: ]
  57. Cacospongia scalaris [ncbi taxid: ]
  58. Calliarthron tuberculosum [ncbi taxid: 48942]
  59. Calostephane divaricata [ncbi taxid: 1548555]
  60. Calothrix parietina [ncbi taxid: 32054]
  61. Candida parapsilosis [ncbi taxid: 5480]
  62. Capsicum annuum [ncbi taxid: 4072]
  63. Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum [ncbi taxid: ]
  64. Caragana arborescens [ncbi taxid: 20484]
  65. Caragana aurantiaca [ncbi taxid: 626687]
  66. Carassius auratus [ncbi taxid: 7957]
  67. Centroceras clavulatum [ncbi taxid: 159503]
  68. Ceramium rubrum [ncbi taxid: 35157]
  69. Cetraria australiensis [ncbi taxid: 425280]
  70. Chaenomeles sinensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  71. Chaenostoma foetidum [ncbi taxid: ]
  72. Chaetomorpha crassa [ncbi taxid: 162064]
  73. Chara aspera [ncbi taxid: 69330]
  74. Chara contraria [ncbi taxid: 69334]
  75. Chara foetida [ncbi taxid: ]
  76. Chara globularis [ncbi taxid: 69338]
  77. Chara gymnophylla [ncbi taxid: 1658605]
  78. Chara hispida [ncbi taxid: 37303]
  79. Chara intermedia [ncbi taxid: ]
  80. Chara polyacantha [ncbi taxid: ]
  81. Chara rudis [ncbi taxid: 1304951]
  82. Chara tomentosa [ncbi taxid: 69346]
  83. Chara vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 55564]
  84. Chattonella japonica [ncbi taxid: ]
  85. Chlamydomonas parkeae [ncbi taxid: 156093]
  86. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [ncbi taxid: 3055]
  87. Chloranthus tianmushanensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  88. Chlorella pyrenoidosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  89. Chondracanthus canaliculatus [ncbi taxid: 35175]
  90. Chondracanthus corymbiferus [ncbi taxid: 35177]
  91. Chondracanthus exasperatus [ncbi taxid: 95348]
  92. Chondracanthus harveyanus [ncbi taxid: 95349]
  93. Chondracanthus spinosus [ncbi taxid: 35179]
  94. Chondracanthus squarrulosus [ncbi taxid: 168823]
  95. Chondracanthus volans [ncbi taxid: ]
  96. Chromolaena odorata [ncbi taxid: 103745]
  97. Chromolaena pulchella [ncbi taxid: ]
  98. Chromulina ochromonoides [ncbi taxid: 1034828]
  99. Citrus aurantium [ncbi taxid: ]
  100. Citrus natsudaidai [ncbi taxid: 109792]
  101. Citrus reticulata [ncbi taxid: 85571]
  102. Citrus reticulate [ncbi taxid: ]
  103. Citrus sinensis [ncbi taxid: 2711]
  104. Citrus trifoliata [ncbi taxid: 37690]
  105. Cladonia evansii [ncbi taxid: 197026]
  106. Cladonia sp. [ncbi taxid: 2040733]
  107. Cladophora japonica [ncbi taxid: ]
  108. Cladophora ohkuboana [ncbi taxid: ]
  109. Cladophoropsis vaucheriaeformis [ncbi taxid: ]
  110. Clione limacina [ncbi taxid: 71516]
  111. Clonostachys rosea [ncbi taxid: 29856]
  112. Coccochloris elabens [ncbi taxid: ]
  113. Coccus fagi [ncbi taxid: ]
  114. Coffea arabica [ncbi taxid: 13443]
  115. Coffea canephora [ncbi taxid: 49390]
  116. Comptonia peregrina [ncbi taxid: 29742]
  117. Corallina officinalis [ncbi taxid: 35170]
  118. Corallina vancouverensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  119. Corbicula clams [ncbi taxid: ]
  120. Corbicula japonica [ncbi taxid: 141464]
  121. Corbicula sandai [ncbi taxid: 141465]
  122. Cotyledon secunda [ncbi taxid: ]
  123. Crocus sativus [ncbi taxid: 82528]
  124. Croton hieronymi [ncbi taxid: 2896018]
  125. Croton megistocarpus [ncbi taxid: 425923]
  126. Cryptocarya leucophylla [ncbi taxid: 1959753]
  127. Cryptomonas ovata [ncbi taxid: 70450]
  128. Cryptopleura farlowiana [ncbi taxid: ]
  129. Cucurbita maxima [ncbi taxid: 3661]
  130. Cucurbita moschata [ncbi taxid: 3662]
  131. Cucurbita pepo [ncbi taxid: 3663]
  132. Cucurbita pepo var. akoda [ncbi taxid: ]
  133. Cyanidioschyzon merolae [ncbi taxid: 45157]
  134. Cyanophora paradoxa [ncbi taxid: 2762]
  135. Cycas revoluta [ncbi taxid: 3396]
  136. Daemonorops draco [ncbi taxid: ]
  137. Daucus carota [ncbi taxid: 4039]
  138. Delonix regia [ncbi taxid: 72433]
  139. Dendrosenecio kilimanjari [ncbi taxid: 109559]
  140. Desmanthus illinoensis [ncbi taxid: 196648]
  141. Diospyros kaki [ncbi taxid: 35925]
  142. Dipterocarpus alatus [ncbi taxid: 340438]
  143. Drechslera avenae [ncbi taxid: 33199]
  144. Drosera peltata [ncbi taxid: 4369]
  145. Dumortiera hirsuta [ncbi taxid: 56917]
  146. Echinops amplexicaulis [ncbi taxid: 910522]
  147. Elsholtzia bodinieri [ncbi taxid: 1874228]
  148. Epaltes gariepina [ncbi taxid: 1548596]
  149. Equisetum silvaticum [ncbi taxid: ]
  150. Erwinia herbicola [ncbi taxid: ]
  151. Erwinia uredovora [ncbi taxid: ]
  152. Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 [ncbi taxid: ]
  153. Erythrobacter longus [ncbi taxid: 1044]
  154. Erythrobacter nanhaesediminis [ncbi taxid: ]
  155. Escherichia coli JCL260 [alsS kivD ilvC ilvD adhA adhE frdBC fnr ldhA pta pflB] [ncbi taxid: ]
  156. Eucalyptus melliodora [ncbi taxid: 183838]
  157. Eucheuma uncinatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  158. Euglena gracilis var. bacillarus [ncbi taxid: ]
  159. Exallage chrysotricha [ncbi taxid: 1045351]
  160. Excoecaria acerifolia [ncbi taxid: 2054263]
  161. Ficus formosana [ncbi taxid: 1127366]
  162. Flavobacterium sp. R-1560 [ncbi taxid: ]
  163. Fucus serratus [ncbi taxid: 87148]
  164. Fucus vesiculosus [ncbi taxid: 49266]
  165. Fusarium avenaceum [ncbi taxid: 40199]
  166. Fusarium gibbosum [ncbi taxid: 2126134]
  167. Fusarium sacchari [ncbi taxid: 42676]
  168. Fusinus perplexus [ncbi taxid: ]
  169. Galleria mellonella [ncbi taxid: 7137]
  170. Gallus gallus [ncbi taxid: 9031]
  171. Gardenia fosbergii [ncbi taxid: ]
  172. Garrya laurifolia [ncbi taxid: 1197921]
  173. Gelidium coulteri [ncbi taxid: 28849]
  174. Gelidium johnstonii [ncbi taxid: 1357443]
  175. Gelidium pusillum [ncbi taxid: 31403]
  176. Gelidium robustum [ncbi taxid: 31404]
  177. Gelliodes callista [ncbi taxid: 1336858]
  178. Geranium sibiricum [ncbi taxid: 345237]
  179. Gigartina stellata [ncbi taxid: ]
  180. Glaucocystis nostochinearum [ncbi taxid: 38271]
  181. Gnetum latifolium [ncbi taxid: 225592]
  182. Goniothalamus malayanus [ncbi taxid: 261094]
  183. Gonospermum gomerae [ncbi taxid: 127983]
  184. Goupia glabra [ncbi taxid: 39314]
  185. Gracilaria gracilis [ncbi taxid: 2777]
  186. Gracilaria textorii [ncbi taxid: 172949]
  187. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis [ncbi taxid: 2782]
  188. Grateloupia setchelii [ncbi taxid: ]
  189. Gymnogobius castaneus [ncbi taxid: 255296]
  190. Halomicronema hongdechloris [ncbi taxid: 1209493]
  191. Hedysarum connatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  192. Helipterum gnaphaloides [ncbi taxid: ]
  193. Helipterum roseum [ncbi taxid: ]
  194. Hippophae rhamnoides [ncbi taxid: 193516]
  195. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  196. Hormoscilla [ncbi taxid: 881023]
  197. Hypericum laricifolium [ncbi taxid: 1136989]
  198. Hypericum scabrum [ncbi taxid: 1137022]
  199. Ictalurus punctatus [ncbi taxid: 7998]
  200. Ilex affinis [ncbi taxid: 185489]
  201. Ipomoea digitata [ncbi taxid: ]
  202. Ipomoea purpurea [ncbi taxid: 4121]
  203. Iridaea chordata [ncbi taxid: ]
  204. Isodon kameba [ncbi taxid: ]
  205. Jania tenella [ncbi taxid: ]
  206. Kaempferia pulchra [ncbi taxid: 199647]
  207. Karwinskia mollis [ncbi taxid: 3090034]
  208. Lablab niger [ncbi taxid: ]
  209. Lactarius scrobiculatus [ncbi taxid: 93011]
  210. Lagerstroemia indica [ncbi taxid: 141186]
  211. Laggera alata [ncbi taxid: 441197]
  212. Laminaria digitata [ncbi taxid: 80365]
  213. Laminaria saccharina [ncbi taxid: ]
  214. Laurencia gardneri [ncbi taxid: ]
  215. Laurencia spectabilis [ncbi taxid: ]
  216. Leathesia nana [ncbi taxid: ]
  217. Lepidodinium chlorophorum [ncbi taxid: 107758]
  218. Lepisorus ussuriensis [ncbi taxid: 699700]
  219. Leptoclinides durus [ncbi taxid: ]
  220. Leptodontidium elatius [ncbi taxid: 187858]
  221. Lilium hansonii [ncbi taxid: 82318]
  222. Limacina helicina [ncbi taxid: 220647]
  223. Lithothamnion corallioides [ncbi taxid: 1277934]
  224. Lychnophora uniflora [ncbi taxid: 3144813]
  225. Lycium barbarum [ncbi taxid: 112863]
  226. Lycium chinense [ncbi taxid: 112883]
  227. Lysimachia mauritiana [ncbi taxid: 306286]
  228. Macowania corymbosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  229. Mangifera indica [ncbi taxid: 29780]
  230. Marrubium anisodon [ncbi taxid: 2291693]
  231. Mastigocladus laminosus [ncbi taxid: 83541]
  232. Mastocarpus papillatus [ncbi taxid: 31436]
  233. Mazzaella accida [ncbi taxid: ]
  234. Mazzaella affinis [ncbi taxid: 35185]
  235. Mazzaella leptorhynchus [ncbi taxid: ]
  236. Medicago arabica [ncbi taxid: 70936]
  237. Medicago cancellata [ncbi taxid: 66809]
  238. Medicago carstiensis [ncbi taxid: 66810]
  239. Medicago cretacea [ncbi taxid: 66812]
  240. Medicago daghestanica [ncbi taxid: 70942]
  241. Medicago glomerata [ncbi taxid: ]
  242. Medicago hybrida [ncbi taxid: 66814]
  243. Medicago marina [ncbi taxid: 66815]
  244. Medicago papillosa [ncbi taxid: 70964]
  245. Medicago pironae [ncbi taxid: 66816]
  246. Medicago prostrata [ncbi taxid: 70967]
  247. Medicago rupestris [ncbi taxid: ]
  248. Medicago ruthenica [ncbi taxid: 70973]
  249. Medicago sativa [ncbi taxid: 3879]
  250. Medicago saxatilis [ncbi taxid: 119392]
  251. Medicago suffruticosa [ncbi taxid: 66818]
  252. Medinilla magnifica [ncbi taxid: 1799599]
  253. Mercurialis annua [ncbi taxid: 3986]
  254. Merismopedia punctata [ncbi taxid: 882065]
  255. Mesua ferrea [ncbi taxid: 210380]
  256. Methylomonas methanica [ncbi taxid: 421]
  257. Microcladia coulteri [ncbi taxid: ]
  258. Microcoleus vaginatus [ncbi taxid: 119532]
  259. Microcystis aeruginosa [ncbi taxid: 1126]
  260. Momordica cochinchinensis [ncbi taxid: 3674]
  261. Monomorium fieldi [ncbi taxid: 612288]
  262. Monopteryx uaucu [ncbi taxid: 1602310]
  263. Moringa oleifera [ncbi taxid: 3735]
  264. Mutisia homoeantha [ncbi taxid: ]
  265. Nannochloropsis gaditana [ncbi taxid: 72520]
  266. Nannochloropsis oculata [ncbi taxid: 43925]
  267. Nannochloropsis salina [ncbi taxid: ]
  268. Narcissus serotinus [ncbi taxid: 54859]
  269. Nasutitermes ephratae [ncbi taxid: 114633]
  270. Nauclea coadunata [ncbi taxid: ]
  271. Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora [ncbi taxid: 241899]
  272. Nemalion helminthoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  273. Nephroselmis olivace [ncbi taxid: ]
  274. Nephroselmis pyriformis [ncbi taxid: 156128]
  275. Nephroselmis rotunda [ncbi taxid: 344402]
  276. Nitella opaca [ncbi taxid: 97465]
  277. Nostoc commune [ncbi taxid: 1178]
  278. Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 [ncbi taxid: ]
  279. Ochromonas sp. [ncbi taxid: 1955567]
  280. Odixia angusta [ncbi taxid: 125740]
  281. Oedogonium cardiacum [ncbi taxid: 55995]
  282. Olisthodiscus luteus [ncbi taxid: 83000]
  283. Onobrychis bobrovii [ncbi taxid: 872932]
  284. Opuntiella californica [ncbi taxid: 38362]
  285. Origanum floribundum [ncbi taxid: ]
  286. Ormosia cinerea [ncbi taxid: ]
  287. Oscillantoria rubescens [ncbi taxid: ]
  288. Oscillatoria agardhii [ncbi taxid: ]
  289. Oscillatoria amoena [ncbi taxid: ]
  290. Oscillatoria limosa [ncbi taxid: 153188]
  291. Oscillatoria sp. [ncbi taxid: 1159]
  292. Osmundea spectabilis [ncbi taxid: 217287]
  293. Oxyanthus pyriformis [ncbi taxid: 58470]
  294. Paedoclione doliiformis [ncbi taxid: ]
  295. Papaver persicum [ncbi taxid: 3116565]
  296. Passalora rosicola [ncbi taxid: ]
  297. Passiflora edulis [ncbi taxid: 78168]
  298. Pastinaca sativa [ncbi taxid: 4041]
  299. Pelteobagrus nudiceps [ncbi taxid: ]
  300. Peltostigma guatemalense [ncbi taxid: 1136780]
  301. Pelvetia canaliculata [ncbi taxid: 74467]
  302. Perilla frutescens [ncbi taxid: 48386]
  303. Persea kusanoi [ncbi taxid: ]
  304. Petteria ramentacea [ncbi taxid: 49832]
  305. Pheidole pallidula [ncbi taxid: 190770]
  306. Phodymenia palmata [ncbi taxid: ]
  307. Phoebe pittieri [ncbi taxid: ]
  308. Phormidium ectocarpi [ncbi taxid: ]
  309. Phormidium foveolarum [ncbi taxid: ]
  310. Phormidium lucidum [ncbi taxid: 693231]
  311. Phormidium percicinum [ncbi taxid: ]
  312. Physalis alkekengi [ncbi taxid: ]
  313. Planktothrix agardhii [ncbi taxid: 1160]
  314. Pleiococca wilcoxiana [ncbi taxid: ]
  315. Pleurastrum paucicellulare [ncbi taxid: ]
  316. Plocamium cartilagineum [ncbi taxid: 31452]
  317. Plocamium violaceae [ncbi taxid: ]
  318. Podospora curvicolla [ncbi taxid: ]
  319. Polistes rothneyi [ncbi taxid: 30208]
  320. Polysiphonia brodiae [ncbi taxid: ]
  321. Polysiphonia brodiaei [ncbi taxid: ]
  322. Polysiphonia hendryi [ncbi taxid: ]
  323. Polysiphonia pacifica [ncbi taxid: 173544]
  324. Polysiphonia urceolata [ncbi taxid: ]
  325. Porphyra perforata [ncbi taxid: ]
  326. Porphyra thuretii [ncbi taxid: ]
  327. Porphyridium aerugineum [ncbi taxid: 2792]
  328. Porphyridium cruentum [ncbi taxid: 2891951]
  329. Poterioochromonas malhamensis [ncbi taxid: 88167]
  330. Prasinococcus capsulatus [ncbi taxid: 156131]
  331. Premna odorata [ncbi taxid: 1037421]
  332. Prionitis cornea [ncbi taxid: ]
  333. Prionitis lyalii [ncbi taxid: ]
  334. Prochlorococcus marinus [ncbi taxid: 1219]
  335. Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1375 [ncbi taxid: ]
  336. Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1986 [ncbi taxid: ]
  337. Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 2773 [ncbi taxid: ]
  338. Prochloron sp. [ncbi taxid: 1215]
  339. Prochlorothrix hollandica strain PCC 9006 [ncbi taxid: ]
  340. Prosopis glandulosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  341. Protium heptaphyllum [ncbi taxid: 246847]
  342. Protosiphon botryoides [ncbi taxid: 44656]
  343. Protousnea sp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  344. Prunus laurocerasus [ncbi taxid: 32242]
  345. Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea [ncbi taxid: 43657]
  346. Pseudopterogorgia kallos [ncbi taxid: ]
  347. Pteris prolifera [ncbi taxid: ]
  348. Pterocarpus angolensis [ncbi taxid: 182271]
  349. Pterocarpus grandiflorus [ncbi taxid: ]
  350. Pterocladia capillacea [ncbi taxid: ]
  351. Pterocladia lucida [ncbi taxid: 31408]
  352. Ptilota licina [ncbi taxid: ]
  353. Pycnococcus provasolii [ncbi taxid: 41880]
  354. Pyramimonas amylifera [ncbi taxid: ]
  355. Pyrenophora avenae [ncbi taxid: 53484]
  356. Pyrosoma giganteum [ncbi taxid: ]
  357. Quercus aegilops [ncbi taxid: ]
  358. Rabdosia coetsoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  359. Rauvolfia vomitoria [ncbi taxid: 403115]
  360. Retaster insignis [ncbi taxid: ]
  361. Rhacophorus bipunctatus [ncbi taxid: 191205]
  362. Rhizobium phaseoli [ncbi taxid: 396]
  363. Romalea microptera [ncbi taxid: 7007]
  364. Rosa foetida [ncbi taxid: 74629]
  365. Rumex maritimus [ncbi taxid: 467604]
  366. Sabina sargentii [ncbi taxid: ]
  367. Salvelinus alpinus [ncbi taxid: 8036]
  368. Salvia officinalis [ncbi taxid: 38868]
  369. Salvia syriaca [ncbi taxid: 1685717]
  370. Scilla indica [ncbi taxid: ]
  371. Scutellaria amoena [ncbi taxid: 1052904]
  372. Securidaca inappendiculata [ncbi taxid: 3091905]
  373. Senecio cathcartensis [ncbi taxid: 1886426]
  374. Senecio elegans [ncbi taxid: 545667]
  375. Senecio isatideus [ncbi taxid: ]
  376. Senecio squalidus [ncbi taxid: 121554]
  377. Sequoia sempervirens [ncbi taxid: 28980]
  378. Seriphidium cinum [ncbi taxid: ]
  379. Sesbania punicea [ncbi taxid: 543741]
  380. Silurus asotus [ncbi taxid: 30991]
  381. Silurus microdorsalis [ncbi taxid: 329966]
  382. Simira eliezeriana [ncbi taxid: ]
  383. Sinularia depressa [ncbi taxid: ]
  384. Sistotrema raduloides [ncbi taxid: 283657]
  385. Smithora naiadum [ncbi taxid: 82561]
  386. Solanum laxum [ncbi taxid: 205558]
  387. Solanum pimpinellifolium [ncbi taxid: 4084]
  388. Sonchus asper [ncbi taxid: 50193]
  389. Sonchus oleraceus [ncbi taxid: 50207]
  390. Sophora japonica [ncbi taxid: ]
  391. Sphingobacteriaceae sp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  392. Sphingomonadaceae sp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  393. Spinacia oleracea [ncbi taxid: 3562]
  394. Stelletta clavosa [ncbi taxid: 1336884]
  395. Stenostomum lucidum [ncbi taxid: 43446]
  396. Streptomyces althioticus [ncbi taxid: 83380]
  397. Streptomyces avermectinius [ncbi taxid: ]
  398. Streptomyces triangulatus [ncbi taxid: 285488]
  399. Swertia franchetiana [ncbi taxid: 50785]
  400. Synechococcus elongatus [ncbi taxid: 32046]
  401. Synechococcus leopoliensis [ncbi taxid: 32047]
  402. Synechocystis sp. [ncbi taxid: 1143]
  403. Syringa reticulata [ncbi taxid: 126367]
  404. Taxodium mucronatum [ncbi taxid: 99812]
  405. Tetraselmis sp. [ncbi taxid: 2812566]
  406. Thalictrum amurense [ncbi taxid: 1336657]
  407. Thermus filiformis [ncbi taxid: 276]
  408. Thermus thermophilus [ncbi taxid: 274]
  409. Tolypothrix tenuis [ncbi taxid: 457083]
  410. Trifolium strepens [ncbi taxid: ]
  411. Trigonella foenum-graecum [ncbi taxid: 78534]
  412. Vaccinium oxycoccos [ncbi taxid: 516948]
  413. Vicia articulata [ncbi taxid: 200967]
  414. Vicia ervilia [ncbi taxid: 154498]
  415. Vicia sativa [ncbi taxid: 3908]
  416. Vicia villosa [ncbi taxid: 3911]
  417. Viguiera incana [ncbi taxid: 1048928]
  418. Vitex madiensis [ncbi taxid: 1899206]
  419. Vitis vinifera [ncbi taxid: 29760]
  420. Wikstroemia retusa [ncbi taxid: 1872696]
  421. Zanthoxylum tetraspermum [ncbi taxid: ]
  422. Zea mays [ncbi taxid: 4577]

Pathway Synthetic

pathway id name
BioCyc:SCO_PWY-5945 zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and violaxanthin interconversion
BioCyc:SYNEL_PWY-5944 zeaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY-5397 crocetin biosynthesis
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY-5945 antheraxanthin and violaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-5397 crocetin biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-7638 echinenone and zeaxanthin biosynthesis (Synechocystis)
BioCyc:META_PWY-5944 zeaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-5288 astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae)
BioCyc:META_CAROTENOID-PWY superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants
BioCyc:ARA_PWY-5945 zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and violaxanthin interconversion
BioCyc:SCO_PWY-5944 zeaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-6806 carotenoid cleavage
BioCyc:META_PWY-7175 nostoxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-5945 violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin interconversion
BioCyc:ARA_PWY-5944 zeaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:AURANTIMONAS_PWY-5944 zeaxanthin biosynthesis
BioCyc:SCO_CAROTENOID-PWY superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis
BioCyc:META_PWY-6288 zeaxanthin-β-D-diglucoside biosynthesis
BioCyc:ARA_PWY-6806 carotenoid cleavage
Plant Reactome:R-OAU-2744345 Metabolism and regulation
View All Pathways