zeaxanthin biosynthesis

Choi SK, Matsuda S, Hoshino T, Peng X, Misawa N. Characterization of bacterial beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P450 in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1238–46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0426-2. PMID: 16614859.; Zhu C, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 2003 Feb;1625(3):305–8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00017-4.; Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1999 Sep;1446(3):203–12. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00088-3.; Bouvier F, Keller Y, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1998 Apr;1391(3):320–8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00029-0.; Fraser PD, Shimada H, Misawa N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1998 Mar;252(2):229–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520229.x.; Fraser PD, Miura Y, Misawa N. In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 Mar;272(10):6128–35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6128.; Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 04;271(40):24349–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24349. PMID: 8798688.

Metabolites

beta-Carotene

Formula: C40H56 (536.4381776)

CAS ID: 7235-40-7

beta-Cryptoxanthin

Formula: C40H56O (552.4330926)

CAS ID: 472-70-8

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

Zeaxanthin

Formula: C40H56O2 (568.4280076)

CAS ID: 144-68-3



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase beta-carotene,reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name
P21688 crtZ Beta-carotene hydroxylase