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15,9'-di-cis-phytofluene is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. 15,9'-di-cis-phytofluene can be found in a number of food items such as prickly pear, giant butterbur, broccoli, and chanterelle, which makes 15,9'-di-cis-phytofluene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

all-trans-Phytofluene is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

Phytofluene is a carotenoid pigment with an orange colour found naturally in tomatoes and other vegetables. It is the second product of carotenoid biosynthesis (Wikipedia).

(15Z,9'Z)-7,7',8,8',11,12-Hexahydrolycopene is found in garden tomato. (15Z,9'Z)-7,7',8,8',11,12-Hexahydrolycopene is isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. `Tangella').

Phytofluene is an acyclic carotene. 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-Octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,12,14,16,18,22,26,30-decaene is a natural product found in Rhodotorula toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, and other organisms with data available.

1,2-Dihydro-zeta-carotene

1,2,1',2'-Tetrahydroneurosporene

1,2,7,8,11,12-Hexahydrolycopene

(9Z,15Z)-Phytofluene

A phytofluene having (E)-double bonds at the 6-, 12-, 14-, 18-, 22- and 26 positions and (Z)-double bonds at the 10- and 16-positions." []