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1',2'-Dihydrochlorobactene

All-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. All-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene can be found in a number of food items such as kale, giant butterbur, citrus, and ginkgo nuts, which makes all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Torulene

Dehydro-beta-carotene is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Dehydro-beta-carotene can be found in date, which makes dehydro-beta-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Torulene can be found in a number of food items such as spinach, sparkleberry, cherimoya, and rye, which makes torulene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Torulene (3',4'-didehydro-beta,gamma-carotene) is a carotene (a hydrocarbon carotenoid) which is notable for being synthesized by red pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), imparting the natural red color to the aphids, which aids in their camouflage and escape from predation. The aphids have gained the ability to synthesize torulene by horizontal gene transfer of a number of genes for carotenoid synthesis, apparently from fungi. Plants, fungi, and microorganisms can synthesize carotenoids, but torulene made by pea aphids is the only carotenoid known to be synthesized by an organism in the animal kingdom .

3,4-Didehydro-beta-carotene

Retrodehydro-gamma-carotene

(3'Z,5'Z)-Torulene

Dehydro-gamma,psi-carotene

Isocarotene

2-(3,7,12,16,20,24-Hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-dodecaenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene is a natural product found in Neurospora crassa, Coccinella septempunctata, and other organisms with data available.