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Alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is converted. from Linoleoyl-CoA via the enzyme fatty acid desaturase (EC 1.14.19.-). It is then converted to alpha-Linolenic acid via the enzyme palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase(EC 3.1.2.2).

Gamma-linolenoyl-CoA is the product of a chemical reaction that involves linoleoyl-CoA desaturase which acts as a catalyst. In enzymology, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. linoleoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are linoleoyl-CoA, AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are gamma-linolenoyl-CoA, A, and H2O. (Wikipedia).

9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule

6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule

(9z,11e,13z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z_11E_13Z)-octadeca-9_11_13-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z,11e,13z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoA's are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z,11e,13z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z,11e,13z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA into (9Z_11E_13Z)-Octadeca-9_11_13-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z_11E_13Z)-Octadeca-9_11_13-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ketone to release one molecule of acetyl-CoA and a new acyl-CoA which is now 2 carbons shorter. This four-step process repeats until (9Z,11E,13Z)-Octadeca-9,11,13-trienoyl-CoA has had all its carbons removed from the chain, leaving only acetyl-CoA. Beta oxidation, as well as alpha-oxidation, also occurs in the peroxisome. The peroxisome handles beta oxidation of fatty acids that have more than 20 carbons in their chain because the peroxisome contains very-long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases and dehydrogenases. The heart primarily metabolizes fat for energy and Acyl-CoA metabolism has been identified as a critical molecule in early-stage heart muscle pump failure. Cellular acyl-CoA content also correlates with insulin resistance, suggesting that it can mediate lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism on account of key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. The study of acyl-CoAs is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acyl-CoAs will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.

(5z,9z,12z)-octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5Z_9Z_12Z)-octadeca-5_9_12-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5z,9z,12z)-octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoA's are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5z,9z,12z)-octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5z,9z,12z)-octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA into (5Z_9Z_12Z)-Octadeca-5_9_12-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5Z_9Z_12Z)-Octadeca-5_9_12-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ketone to release one molecule of acetyl-CoA and a new acyl-CoA which is now 2 carbons shorter. This four-step process repeats until (5Z,9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-5,9,12-trienoyl-CoA has had all its carbons removed from the chain, leaving only acetyl-CoA. Beta oxidation, as well as alpha-oxidation, also occurs in the peroxisome. The peroxisome handles beta oxidation of fatty acids that have more than 20 carbons in their chain because the peroxisome contains very-long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases and dehydrogenases. The heart primarily metabolizes fat for energy and Acyl-CoA metabolism has been identified as a critical molecule in early-stage heart muscle pump failure. Cellular acyl-CoA content also correlates with insulin resistance, suggesting that it can mediate lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism on account of key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. The study of acyl-CoAs is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acyl-CoAs will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.

(8e,10e,12z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8E_10E_12Z)-octadeca-8_10_12-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8e,10e,12z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoA's are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8e,10e,12z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8e,10e,12z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA into (8E_10E_12Z)-octadeca-8_10_12-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8E_10E_12Z)-octadeca-8_10_12-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ketone to release one molecule of acetyl-CoA and a new acyl-CoA which is now 2 carbons shorter. This four-step process repeats until (8E,10E,12Z)-octadeca-8,10,12-trienoyl-CoA has had all its carbons removed from the chain, leaving only acetyl-CoA. Beta oxidation, as well as alpha-oxidation, also occurs in the peroxisome. The peroxisome handles beta oxidation of fatty acids that have more than 20 carbons in their chain because the peroxisome contains very-long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases and dehydrogenases. The heart primarily metabolizes fat for energy and Acyl-CoA metabolism has been identified as a critical molecule in early-stage heart muscle pump failure. Cellular acyl-CoA content also correlates with insulin resistance, suggesting that it can mediate lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism on account of key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. The study of acyl-CoAs is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acyl-CoAs will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.

alpha-linolenoyl-CoA

(2E,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA

A 2,3-trans-enoyl CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate groups of trans-2-octadecenoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3." []

A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA(4-) in which the S-acyl moiety contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond. Major species at pH 7.3." []

An octadecenoyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of oleoyl-CoA." []

An octadecenoyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (11E)-octadecenoyl-CoA." []

An octadecenoyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA." []

An octadecenoyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (6E)-octadecenoyl-CoA." []

An octadecenoyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of trans-9-octadecenoyl-CoA; major species at p 7.3." []

An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA in which the S-acyl moiety contains 18 carbons and 3 double bonds at unknown positions." []

An octadecatrienoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (2E,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoic acid." []

An octadecatrienoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (6Z,9Z,11E)-octadecatrienoic acid." []