Putrescine (BioCAD00000016962)

blood cerebrospinal fluid (csf) feces saliva urine brain epidermis erythrocyte fibroblasts liver neuron placenta platelet prostate skeletal muscle testis plant natural products microbial natural products

Metabolite Card

Formula: C4H12N2 (88.1)
SMILES: NCCCCN

Synonyms [en]

putrescine; 1,4-diaminobutane; tetramethylenediamine; butane-1,4-diamine; 1,4-butanediamine; Butylenediamine

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-28.

Cite this Page

Putrescine. 数据之源，洞见之始. SMRUCC genomics institute, a synthetic life researcher from China. https://biocad_registry.innovation.ac.cn/s/(-)-arctiin (retrieved 2026-01-03) (CAD Registry RN: BioCAD00000016962). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Note

Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). It is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. (PMID:15009201, 16364196). Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. Putrescine can be found in Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cronobacter and Enterobacter (PMID:27872963) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12099).

Mitochondria
Entity Information

DBLinks

Other DBLinks
  • CAS Registry Number: 110-60-1
  • PubChem: 1045
  • PubChem: 3434
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:17148
  • HMDB: HMDB0001414
  • KEGG: C00134
  • BioCyc: PUTRESCINE
  • NCBI MeSH: Putrescine
  • Wikipedia: Putrescine
  • DrugBank: DB01917
  • RefMet: RM0139715
  • MoNA: BAF_UVA_POS000357
  • MoNA: BAF_UVA_POS000586
  • MoNA: BAF_UVA_POS000587
  • MoNA: CCMSLIB00005723335
  • MoNA: CCMSLIB00005723336
  • MoNA: EMBL_MCF_2_0_HRMS_Library000072
  • MoNA: EMBL_MCF_2_0_HRMS_Library000073
  • MoNA: FiehnHILIC000715
  • MoNA: FiehnLib000725
  • MoNA: FiehnLib001034
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_c_ms_1047
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_c_ms_1193
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_c_ms_1405
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_ms_ms_1568
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_ms_ms_1569
  • MoNA: HMDB0001414_ms_ms_1570
  • MoNA: JP003996
  • MoNA: JP007353
  • MoNA: JP007436
  • MoNA: KO002423
  • MoNA: KO002424
  • MoNA: KO002425
  • MoNA: KO002426
  • MoNA: KO002427
  • MoNA: KZ000260
  • MoNA: MoNA001796
  • MoNA: MoNA001798
  • MoNA: MoNA001799
  • MoNA: MoNA001872
  • MoNA: MoNA001873
  • MoNA: MoNA001874
  • MoNA: MoNA032860
  • MoNA: MoNA032861
  • MoNA: MoNA032863
  • MoNA: MoNA035992
  • MoNA: MoNA035994
  • MoNA: MoNA035995
  • MoNA: MoNA036576
  • MoNA: MoNA036577
  • MoNA: MoNA036580
  • MoNA: MoNA037144
  • MoNA: MoNA037410
  • MoNA: MoNA038541
  • MoNA: MoNA038729
  • MoNA: OUF00431
  • MoNA: PR010101
  • MoNA: PR100038
  • MoNA: PS006801
  • MoNA: PS006802
  • MoNA: PT100680
  • Metlin: METLIN_3226
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0116270.0

Class / Ontology

Metabolic Network
ID EC Number Name
KEGG:R00018 2.5.1.44 putrescine:putrescine 4-aminobutyltransferase (ammonia-forming)
KEGG:R00670 4.1.1.17 L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
KEGG:R01151 1.4.3.10 putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
KEGG:R01152 3.5.1.53 N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase
KEGG:R01153 2.1.1.53 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:putrescine N-methyltransferase
KEGG:R01154 2.3.1.57 acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
KEGG:R01155 2.6.1.29 putrescine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
KEGG:R01156 3.5.1.62 N-acetylputrescine acetylhydrolase
KEGG:R01157 3.5.3.11 agmatine amidinohydrolase
KEGG:R01399 2.1.3.6 carbamoyl-phosphate:putrescine carbamoyltransferase
KEGG:R01919 2.5.1.44 spermidine:putrescine 4-aminobutyltransferase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
KEGG:R01920 2.5.1.16 S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
KEGG:R01944 2.3.1.138 caffeoyl-CoA:putrescine N-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)transferase
KEGG:R07414 6.3.1.11 glutamate putrescine ligase
KEGG:R08714 2.6.1.113 putrescine:pyruvate aminotransferase
KEGG:R09074 1.5.3.13 N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)
KEGG:R09077 1.5.3.17 spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-aminopropanal-forming)
KEGG:R09079 1.5.1.43 carboxyspermidine:NADP+ oxidoreductase
KEGG:R09256 2.3.1.- 4-coumaroyl-CoA:putrescine N4-coumaroyltransferase
KEGG:R09257 2.3.1.- feruloyl-CoA:putrescine feruloyltransferase
View More
Organism Source

Taxonomy Source

  1. Actinidia deliciosa [ncbi taxid: 3627]
  2. Allium cepa [ncbi taxid: 4679]
  3. Amelanchier alnifolia [ncbi taxid: 32219]
  4. Anethum graveolens [ncbi taxid: 40922]
  5. Anisodus belladonna [ncbi taxid: ]
  6. Arabidopsis thaliana [ncbi taxid: 3702]
  7. Aristotelia peduncularis [ncbi taxid: 140414]
  8. Astragalus oxyphysus [ncbi taxid: 90201]
  9. Avena sativa [ncbi taxid: 4498]
  10. Beta vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 161934]
  11. Brassica oleracea [ncbi taxid: 3712]
  12. Brassica rapa [ncbi taxid: 3711]
  13. Canavalia gladiata [ncbi taxid: 3824]
  14. Capparis masaikai [ncbi taxid: 13395]
  15. Capsicum annuum [ncbi taxid: 4072]
  16. Centaurea glastifolia [ncbi taxid: 75647]
  17. Chaetomium minutum [ncbi taxid: ]
  18. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [ncbi taxid: 3055]
  19. Citrullus lanatus [ncbi taxid: 3654]
  20. Clavaria pyxidata [ncbi taxid: ]
  21. Corydalis yanhusuo [ncbi taxid: 458692]
  22. Cucumaria okhotensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  23. Cucumis sativus [ncbi taxid: 3659]
  24. Cuscuta reflexa [ncbi taxid: 4129]
  25. Cyanidium caldarium [ncbi taxid: 2771]
  26. Daphnia magna [ncbi taxid: 35525]
  27. Datura metel [ncbi taxid: 35625]
  28. Datura stramonium [ncbi taxid: 4076]
  29. Daucus carota [ncbi taxid: 4039]
  30. Dermocybe icterinoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  31. Duboisia [ncbi taxid: 195735]
  32. Erythoxylum coca [ncbi taxid: ]
  33. Escherichia coli [ncbi taxid: 562]
  34. Euphorbia armena [ncbi taxid: ]
  35. FOOD SAKE [ncbi taxid: ]
  36. Galanthus nivalis [ncbi taxid: 4670]
  37. Genista januensis [ncbi taxid: 49824]
  38. Glycine max [ncbi taxid: 3847]
  39. Grindelia havardii [ncbi taxid: 1114740]
  40. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  41. Homo sapiens (Urine) [ncbi taxid: ]
  42. Hordeum vulgare [ncbi taxid: 4513]
  43. Hydrodictyon reticulatum [ncbi taxid: 3107]
  44. Lyallia kerguelensis [ncbi taxid: 442941]
  45. Mitrephora vulpina [ncbi taxid: ]
  46. Mus musculus [ncbi taxid: 10090]
  47. Nectandra pichurim [ncbi taxid: ]
  48. Nephelium maingayi [ncbi taxid: 1277290]
  49. Nicotiana tabacum [ncbi taxid: 4097]
  50. Oenanthe phellandrium [ncbi taxid: ]
  51. Panax ginseng [ncbi taxid: 4054]
  52. Panax pseudoginseng [ncbi taxid: 44681]
  53. Pastinaca sativa [ncbi taxid: 4041]
  54. Phaseolus vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 3885]
  55. Phyllanthus emblica [ncbi taxid: ]
  56. Pityrogramma tartarea [ncbi taxid: ]
  57. Plantago depressa [ncbi taxid: 411227]
  58. Pogostemon cablin [ncbi taxid: 28511]
  59. Polyscias scutellaria [ncbi taxid: 150539]
  60. Prunus dulcis [ncbi taxid: 3755]
  61. Prunus tomentosa [ncbi taxid: 105667]
  62. Psilocybe subaeruginosa [ncbi taxid: 181776]
  63. Pyrus pyraster [ncbi taxid: 356590]
  64. Rubus idaeus [ncbi taxid: 32247]
  65. Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ncbi taxid: 4932]
  66. Secale cereale [ncbi taxid: 4550]
  67. Senecio candollei [ncbi taxid: 462509]
  68. Solanum lycopersicum L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  69. Solanum tuberosum [ncbi taxid: 4113]
  70. Spinacia oleracea [ncbi taxid: 3562]
  71. Streptomyces pilosus [ncbi taxid: 28893]

Pathway Synthetic

pathway id name
BioCyc:LEISH_PWY-40 putrescine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_ORNDEG-PWY superpathway of ornithine degradation
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PUTDEG-PWY putrescine degradation I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_ORNSPNANA-PWY spermine biosynthesis II
BioCyc:TRYPANO_BSUBPOLYAMSYN-PWY spermidine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:LEISH_POLYAMSYN-PWY superpathway of polyamine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY0-1221 putrescine degradation II
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY0-823 arginine degradation III (arginine decarboxylase/agmatinase pathway)
BioCyc:TRYPANO_POLYAMINSYN3-PWY superpathway of polyamine biosynthesis II
BioCyc:TRYPANO_ARG+POLYAMINE-SYN superpathway of arginine and polyamine biosynthesis
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY-40 putrescine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:CALBI_POLYAMSYN-YEAST-PWY polyamine biosynthesis
BioCyc:LEISH_PWY3IU-1026 methionine salvage pathway
BioCyc:LEISH_PWY-46 putrescine biosynthesis III
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY-46 putrescine biosynthesis III
BioCyc:LEISH_BSUBPOLYAMSYN-PWY spermidine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_ORNARGDEG-PWY superpathway of arginine and ornithine degradation
BioCyc:TRYPANO_ARGDEG-PWY superpathway of arginine, putrescine, and 4-aminobutyrate degradation
BioCyc:TRYPANO_POLYAMSYN-PWY superpathway of polyamine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY-43 putrescine biosynthesis II
View All Pathways