Carnitine shuttle

Ramsay RR, Gandour RD, van der Leij FR. Molecular enzymology of carnitine transfer and transport. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 2001 Mar;1546(1):21–43. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00147-9.; Kerner J, Hoppel C. Fatty acid import into mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2000 Jun;1486(1):1–17. doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00044-5.

Metabolites

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

HCO3-

Formula: HCO3 (60.9925696)

CAS ID: 71-52-3

L-Carnitine

Formula: C7H15NO3 (161.105188)

CAS ID: 541-15-1

L-Palmitoylcarnitine

Formula: C23H45NO4 (399.33484100000004)

CAS ID: 2364-67-2

Retinoate

Formula: C20H28O2 (300.2089188)

CAS ID: 302-79-4

Sodium cation

Formula: Na (22.98977)

CAS ID: 17341-25-2

citrate(3-)

Formula: C6H5O7 (189.00352800000002)

CAS ID: 126-44-3

palmitoyl-CoA(4-)

Formula: C37H62N7O17P3S (1001.3135592)

CAS ID: 1763-10-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.3.1.-
2.3.1.21 carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
2.7.11.31 [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase ATP:[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] phosphotransferase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name